Can melatonin improve the alteration of protein synthesis occurring in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?
Melatonin in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders
Keywords:
Melatonin, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, oxidative stress, UPR, unfolded protein response, , mitochondrial endoplasmic reticulum stress
Abstract
The prevalence of mental illnesses has significantly increased globally in recent decades due to multifactorial causes. Of these, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, due to their high incidence and high associated disability, stand out. However, the effective treatments on these disorders are lagged behind their increased incidence. Melatonin, as an essential molecule in the regulation of sleep-wake rhythm and the naturally occurring antioxidant, has only received attention for the treatment of such psychiatric disorders in relation to its circadian rhythm regulation, but its overwhelming role as a regulator of oxidative stress that facilitates the amelioration of neuronal damage has not been addressed for this respect. In this communication, the novel aspects of melatonin on mental illnesses have been discussed. We provide the necessary literature to justify the beneficial roles and the mechanisms of melatonin to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. These mechanisms include that melatonin enhances reticulum stress, potentiates the unfolded protein response, and increases endoplasmic reticulum synthesis to facilitate autophagy and even suppresses apoptosis. This process involves not only the expected organelles but is a more complex cohesion that even includes the mitochondria, a well-known target of melatonin, which reinforces the robustness of our hypothesis, i.e., melatonin prevents the development of protein aggregates and abnormal structures typically observed in brain damage. Its documented capacity and the need to improve treatment efficiency in a growing population afflicted by mental illnesses are the basis of this hypothesis and support a role of melatonin, as antioxidant, in psychiatric disorders.
References
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2. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators, Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (2022). Lancet Psychiatry 9: 137–150.
3. Farhadian N, Moradi A, Nami M, Kazemi K, Ghadami MR, Ahmadi A, Mohammadi R, Talebi MN, Chakrabarti P, Kateb B, Khazaie H (2022) The nexus between sleep disturbances and mental health outcomes in military staff: a systematic review. Sleep Sci. 15: 356–362.
4. Rubio-González A, Bermejo-Millo JC, de Luxán-Delgado B, Potes Y, Pérez-Martínez Z, Boga JA, Vega-Naredo I, Caballero B, Solano JJ, Coto-Montes A; Members of Research Team cROS (cellular Response to Oxidative Stress). (2018) Melatonin prevents the harmful effects of obesity on the brain, including at the behavioral level. Mol. Neurobiol. 55: 5830–5846.
5. Ramírez-Rodríguez GB, Palacios-Cabriales DM, Ortiz-López L, Estrada-Camarena EM, Vega-Rivera NM (2020) Melatonin modulates dendrite maturation and complexity in the dorsal- and ventral- dentate gyrus concomitantly with its antidepressant-like effect in male balb/C mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21: 1724.
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7. Walker WH, Walton JC, Nelson RJ (2021) Disrupted circadian rhythms and mental health. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 179: 259–270.
8. Moon E, Kim K, Partonen T, Linnaranta O (2022) Role of melatonin in the management of sleep and circadian disorders in the context of psychiatric illness. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 24: 623–634.
9. Zou H, Zhou H, Yan R, Yao Z, Lu Q (2022) Chronotype, circadian rhythm, and psychiatric disorders: Recent evidence and potential mechanisms. Front. Neurosci. 16: 811771.
10. Muneer A, Shamsher Khan RM (2019) Endoplasmic reticulum stress: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Chonnam. Med. J. 55: 8–19.
11. Zhou R, He M, Fan J, Li R, Zuo Y, Li B, Gao G, Sun T (2022). The role of hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A narrative review. Front. Neurosci. 16: 947295.
12. Hampton RY (2000) ER stress response: getting the UPR hand on misfolded proteins. Curr. Biol. 10: R518-521.
13. Lin L, Cao J, Yang SS, Fu ZQ, Zeng P, Chu J, Ning LN, Zhang T, Shi Y, Tian Q, Zhou XW, Wang JZ (2018) Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces spatial memory deficits by activating GSK-3. J. Cell Mol. Med. 22: 3489–3502.
14. Senft D, Ronai ZA (2015) UPR, autophagy, and mitochondria crosstalk underlies the ER stress response. Trends Biochem. Sci. 40: 141–148.
15. Chan JY, Luzuriaga J, Maxwell EL, West PK, Bensellam M, Laybutt DR (2015) The balance between adaptive and apoptotic unfolded protein responses regulates β-cell death under ER stress conditions through XBP1, CHOP and JNK. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 413: 189–201.
16. Katayama T, Imaizumi K, Manabe T, Hitomi J, Kudo T, Tohyama M (2004) Induction of neuronal death by ER stress in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 28: 67–78.
17. Di Domenico F, Lanzillotta C (2022) The disturbance of protein synthesis/degradation homeostasis is a common trait of age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol. 132: 49–87.
18. Wang DY, Hong MY, Pei J, Gao YH, Zheng Y, Xu X (2021) ER stress mediated-autophagy contributes to neurological dysfunction in traumatic brain injury via the ATF6 UPR signaling pathway. Mol. Med. Rep. 23: 247.
19. Read A, Schröder M (2021) The Unfolded protein response: An overview. Biology (Basel) 10: 384.
20. González-Blanco L, Bermúdez M, Bermejo-Millo JC, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez J, Solano JJ, Antuña E, Menéndez-Valle I, Caballero B, Vega-Naredo I, Potes Y, Coto-Montes A (2022) Cell interactome in sarcopenia during aging. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13: 919–931.
21. Caldeira MV, Salazar IL, Curcio M, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB (2014) Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in brain ischemia: friend or foe? Prog. Neurobiol. 112: 50–69.
22. Shruthi K, Reddy SS, Chitra PS, Reddy GB (2019) Ubiquitin-proteasome system and ER stress in the brain of diabetic rats. J. Cell Biochem. 120, 5962–5973.
23. Grune T (2020) Oxidized protein aggregates: Formation and biological effects. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 150: 120–124.
24. Hetz C, Saxena S (2017) ER stress and the unfolded protein response in neurodegeneration. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 13: 477–491.
25. Dugger BN, Dickson DW (2017) Pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect. Biol. 9: a028035.
26. de Luxán-Delgado B, Potes Y, Rubio-González A, Caballero B, Solano JJ, Fernández-Fernández M, Bermúdez M, Rodrigues Moreira Guimarães M, Vega-Naredo I, Boga JA, Coto-Montes A (2016) Melatonin reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in liver of leptin-deficient mice. J. Pineal Res. 61: 108–123.
27. Aouichat S, Navarro-Alarcon M, Alarcón-Guijo P, Salagre D, Ncir M, Zourgui L, Agil A (2021) Melatonin improves endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated IRE1α pathway in Zücker diabetic fatty rat. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 14: 232.
28. Basha FH, S Hemalatha (2022) Screening the efficacy of melatonin on neurodegeneration mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and oxidative damage. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 194: 1105–1119.
29. Bermejo-Millo JC, Guimarães MRM, de Luxán-Delgado B, Potes Y, Pérez-Martínez Z, Díaz-Luis A, Caballero B, Solano JJ, Vega-Naredo I, Coto-Montes A (2018) High-fructose consumption impairs the redox system and protein quality control in the brain of syrian hamsters: Therapeutic effects of melatonin. Mol. Neurobiol. 55: 7973–7986.
30. Kaliszewska A, Allison J, Martini M, Arias N (2021) Improving age-related cognitive decline through dietary interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22: 3574.
31. Sharma A, Behl T, Sharma L, Aelya L, Bungau S (2021)Mitochondrial dysfunction in huntington’s disease: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Curr. Drug Targets 22: 1637–1667.
32. Marques AP, Resende R, Silva DF, Batista M, Pereira D, Wildenberg B, Morais S, Macedo A, Pais C, Melo JB, Madeira N, Pereira CF (2021) Mitochondrial alterations in fibroblasts of early stage bipolar disorder patients. Biomedicines 9: 522.
33. Xu H, Yang F (2022) The interplay of dopamine metabolism abnormalities and mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Transl. Psychiatry 12: 464.
34. Lewis Luján LM, McCarty MF, Di Nicolantonio JJ, Gálvez Ruiz JC, Rosas-Burgos EC, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Iloki Assanga SB (2022) Nutraceuticals/drugs promoting mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis may combat the mitochondrial dysfunction driving progression of dry age-related macular degeneration. Nutrients 14: 1985.
35. Su WL, Wu CC, Wu SV, Lee MC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Lu CL (2022) A Review of the potential effects of melatonin in compromised mitochondrial redox activities in elderly patients with COVID-19. Front. Nutr. 9: 865321.
36. Martín Giménez VM, de Las Heras N, Lahera V, Tresguerres JAF, Reiter RJ, Manucha W (2022) Melatonin as an anti-aging therapy for age-related cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14: 888292.
37. Morén C, deSouza RM, Giraldo DM, Uff C (2022) Antioxidant therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23: 9328.
38. Mizushima N, Ohsumi Y, Yoshimori T (2002) Autophagosome formation in mammalian cells. Cell Struct. Funct. 27: 421–429.
39. Rubio-González A, Reiter RJ, de Luxán-Delgado B, Potes Y, Caballero B, Boga JA, Solano JJ, Vega-Naredo I, Coto-Montes A (2020) Pleiotropic role of melatonin in brain mitochondria of obese mice. Melatonin Res. 3: 538–557.
40. Mauthe M, Kampinga HH, Hipp MS, Reggiori F (2022) Digest it all: the lysosomal turnover of cytoplasmic aggregates. Trends Biochem. Sci. S0968-0004 (22): 00271-7.
41. Tolkovsky AM (2009) Mitophagy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1793: 1508–1515.
42. Farré JC, Krick R, Subramani S, Thumm M (2009) Turnover of organelles by autophagy in yeast. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 21: 522–530.
43. Liu X, Ye M, Ma L (2022) The emerging role of autophagy and mitophagy in tauopathies: From pathogenesis to translational implications in Alzheimer’s disease. Front. Aging Neurosci. 14: 1022821.
44. Chen H, Chan DC (2009) Mitochondrial dynamics--fusion, fission, movement, and mitophagy--in neurodegenerative diseases. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18: R169-176.
45. Cui F, Gu S, Gu Y, Yin J, Fang C, Liu L (2021) Alteration in the mRNA expression profile of the autophagy-related mTOR pathway in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine. BMC Psychiatry 21: 388.
46. Park SW, Seo MK, Webster MJ, Lee JG, Kim S (2022) Differential expression of gene co-expression networks related to the mTOR signaling pathway in bipolar disorder. Transl. Psychiatry 12: 184.
47. Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Rosales-Corral S, Fuentes-Broto L, Tan DX, Reiter RJ (2012) Role of melatonin in the regulation of autophagy and mitophagy: a review. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 361: 12–23.
48. Potes Y, de Luxán-Delgado B, Rodriguez-González S, Guimarães MRM, Solano JJ, Fernández-Fernández M, Bermúdez M, Boga JA, Vega-Naredo I, Coto-Montes A (2017) Overweight in elderly people induces impaired autophagy in skeletal muscle. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 110: 31–41.
49. Chen C, Yang C, Wang J, Huang X, Yu H, Li S, Li S, Zhang Z, Liu J, Yang X, Liu GP (2021) Melatonin ameliorates cognitive deficits through improving mitophagy in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Pineal Res. 71: e12774.
50. Luo F, Sandhu AF, Rungratanawanich W, Williams GE, Akbar M, Zhou S, Song BJ, Wang X (2020) Melatonin and autophagy in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21: E7174.
51. Missiroli S, Patergnani S, Caroccia N, Pedriali G, Perrone M, Previati M, Wieckowski MR, Giorgi C (2018) Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and inflammation. Cell Death Dis. 9: 329.
52. Wideman JG, Muñoz-Gómez SA (2016) The evolution of ERMIONE in mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid homeostasis: An evolutionary view from comparative cell biology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1861: 900–912.
53. Baudier J (2018) ATAD3 proteins: brokers of a mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum connection in mammalian cells. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 93: 827–844.
54. Andersen LPH, Gögenur I, Rosenberg J, Reiter RJ (2016) The safety of melatonin in humans. Clin. Drug Investig. 36: 169–175.
55. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Galano A (2014) Melatonin: exceeding expectations. Physiology (Bethesda) 29: 325–333.
Published
2023-02-28
How to Cite
[1]
Coto-Montes, A., Menendez-Coto, N. and Boga, J. 2023. Can melatonin improve the alteration of protein synthesis occurring in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?. Melatonin Research. 6, 1 (Feb. 2023), 51-58. DOI:https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32794/mr112500140.
Section
Short Communication
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