Current state of the natural melatonin: the phytomelatonin market
Phytomelatonin and related products
Keywords:
Melatonin, phytomelatonin, nutraceuticals, phytogenics, dietary supplement, Jet-lag, medicinal plants
Abstract
Melatonin is a dietary supplement substance widely distributed in the global market and its therapeutic use has been significantly expanded from its original use to target the jet-lag. In this report, we have discussed the current situation of the natural melatonin market, an “alternative melatonin” to chemically synthesized melatonin, with exclusive characteristics and possibilities, to focus on a more selective, eco-friendly market that orients its consumption to natural and healthy products. The different possibilities obtained melatonin from genetically modified organisms to phytomelatonin which are extracted from algae/microalgae or medicinal plants are discussed.
References
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19. Luo H, Schneider K, Christensen U, Lei Y, Herrgard M and Palsson BØ (2020) Microbial synthesis of human-hormone melatonin at gram scales. ACS Synth. Biol. 9: 1240–1245.
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26. Garrido M, Paredes SD, Cubero J, et al. (2010) Jerte valley cherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in the urine of middle-aged and elderly humans. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 65: 909–914.
27. Losada M, Cano A, Hernández-Rui̇z J and Arnao MB (2022) Phytomelatonin content in Valeriana officinalis L. and some related phytotherapeutic supplements. Int. J. Plant Based Pharm. 2: 176–181.
28. Arnao MB, Giraldo-Acosta M, Castejón-Castillejo A, et al. (2023) Melatonin from microorganisms, algae, and plants as possible alternatives to synthetic melatonin. Metabolites 13: 72.
29. Pérez-Llamas F, Hernández-Ruiz J, Cuesta A, Zamora S and Arnao MB (2020) Development of a phytomelatonin-rich extract from cultured plants with excellent biochemical and functional properties as an alternative to synthetic melatonin. Antioxidants 9: 158.
30. Kukula-Koch W, Szwajgier D, Gawel-Beben K, Strzepek-Gomolka M, Glowniak K and Meissner HO (2021) Is phytomelatonin complex better than synthetic melatonin? The assessment of the antiradical and anti-inflammatory properties. Molecules 26: 6087.
31. Burkhardt S, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Hardeland R and Reiter RJ (2001) Detection and quantification of the antioxidant melatonin in Montmorency and Balaton tart cherries (Prunus cerasus). J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 4898–4902.
32. Chen G, Huo Y, Tan DX, Liang Z, Zhang W, and Zhang Y (2003) Melatonin in Chinese medicinal herbs. Life Sci. 73: 19–26.
33. Murch SJ, Simmons CB and Saxena PK (1997) Melatonin in feverfew and other medicinal plants. Lancet 350: 1598–1599.
34. Murch SJ and Saxena PK (2006) A melatonin-rich germplasm line of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). J. Pineal Res. 41: 284–287.
35. Cano A, Hernández-Ruiz J and Arnao MB (2024) Role of exogenous melatonin in plant biotechnology: Physiological and applied aspects. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 43: 395-404.
2. Future Market Insights: Melatonin Market, 2024.
3. Research and Markets: 2024 Melatonin Market Outlook Report: Industry Size, Market Shares Data, Insights, Growth Trends, Opportunities, Competition 2023 to 2031. Melatonin Mark Outlook Rep.
4. Hugel HM, Kennaway DJ (1995) Synthesis and chemistry of melatonin and of related compounds. A review. Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 27: 1–31.
5. Back K (2021) Melatonin metabolism, signaling and possible roles in plants. Plant J. 105: 376–391.
6. Back K, Tan DX and Reiter RJ (2016) Melatonin biosynthesis in plants: multiple pathways catalyze tryptophan to melatonin in the cytoplasm or chloroplasts. J. Pineal Res. 61: 426–437.
7. Tan DX, Manchester CL, Esteban-Zubero E, Zhou Z and Reiter JR (2015) Melatonin as a potent and inducible endogenous antioxidant: synthesis and metabolism. Molecules 20: 18886–18906.
8. Danilovich ME, Alberto MR and Juárez-Tomás MS (2021) Microbial production of beneficial indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) with potential application to biotechnological products for human health. J. Appl. Microbiol. 131: 1668–1682.
9. Fernández-Cruz E, Carrasco-Galán F, Cerezo-López AB, et al. (2020) Occurrence of melatonin and indolic compounds derived from l-tryptophan yeast metabolism in fermented wort and commercial beers. Food Chem. 331: 127192.
10. Hardeland R and Poeggeler B (2003) Non-vertebrate melatonin. J. Pineal Res. 34: 233–241.
11. Ma Y, Jiao J, Fan X, Sun H, Zhang Y, Jiang J and Liu C (2017) Endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens RG11 may transform tryptophan to melatonin and promote endogenous melatonin levels in the roots of four grape cultivars. Front. Plant Sci. 7: 2068.
12. Muñiz-Calvo S, Bisquert R, Fernández-Cruz E, García-Parrilla MC and Guillamón JM (2019) Deciphering the melatonin metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the bioconversion of related metabolites. J. Pineal Res. 66: e12554.
13. Arnao MB and Hernández-Ruiz J: Phytomelatonin: Searching for plants with high levels as a natural source of nutraceuticals. In: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry (Bioactive Natural Products), vol. 46. Atta-ur-Rahman FRS (ed.) Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 519–545, 2015.
14. Arnao MB and Hernández-Ruiz J: Phyto-melatonin: A natural substance from plants with interesting nutraceutical properties. In: Nutraceuticals: Prospects, Sources and Role in Health and Disease. Motohashi N (ed.) NOVA Science Publ., New York, pp. 123–157, 2017.
15. Arnao MB and Hernández-Ruiz J (2018) Phytomelatonin, natural melatonin from plants as a novel dietary supplement: Sources, activities and world market. J. Funct. Foods 48: 37–42.
16. Germann SM, Baallal Jacobsen SA, Schneider K, et al. (2016) Glucose-based microbial production of the hormone melatonin in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol. J. 11: 717–724.
17. Bisquert R, Planells-Cárcel A, Alonso-del-Real J, Muñiz-Calvo S and Guillamón JM (2023) The role of the PAA1 gene on melatonin biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a search of new arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases. Microorganisms 11: 1115.
18. Ganguly S, Mummaneni P, Steinbach PJ, Klein DC and Coon SL (2001) Characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of the melatonin rhythm enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.87). J. Biol. Chem. 276: 47239–47247.
19. Luo H, Schneider K, Christensen U, Lei Y, Herrgard M and Palsson BØ (2020) Microbial synthesis of human-hormone melatonin at gram scales. ACS Synth. Biol. 9: 1240–1245.
20. Tan D-X, Hardeland R, Manchester LC, Rosales-Corral S, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA and Reiter RJ (2012) Emergence of naturally occurring melatonin isomers and their proposed nomenclature. J. Pineal Res. 53: 113–121.
21. Marioni F, Bertoli A and Pistelli L (2008) A straightforward procedure to biosynthesis melatonin using freshly chopped Achillea millefolium L. as reagent. Phytochem. Lett. 1: 107–110.
22. Arnao MB (2014) Phytomelatonin: discovery, content, and role in plants. Adv. Bot. 2014: e815769.
23. Cheng G, Ma T, Deng Z, et al. (2021) Plant-derived melatonin from food: a gift of nature. Food Funct. 12: 2829–2849.
24. Manchester LC, Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Park W, Monis K and Qi W (2000) High levels of melatonin in the seeds of edible plants. Possible function in germ tissue protection. Life Sci. 67: 3023–3029.
25. Garrido M, Espino J, González-Gómez D, et al. (2009) A nutraceutical product based on Jerte Valley cherries improves sleep and augments the antioxidant status in humans. E-SPEN Eur. E-J. Clin. Nutr. Metab. 4: e321–e323.
26. Garrido M, Paredes SD, Cubero J, et al. (2010) Jerte valley cherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in the urine of middle-aged and elderly humans. J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 65: 909–914.
27. Losada M, Cano A, Hernández-Rui̇z J and Arnao MB (2022) Phytomelatonin content in Valeriana officinalis L. and some related phytotherapeutic supplements. Int. J. Plant Based Pharm. 2: 176–181.
28. Arnao MB, Giraldo-Acosta M, Castejón-Castillejo A, et al. (2023) Melatonin from microorganisms, algae, and plants as possible alternatives to synthetic melatonin. Metabolites 13: 72.
29. Pérez-Llamas F, Hernández-Ruiz J, Cuesta A, Zamora S and Arnao MB (2020) Development of a phytomelatonin-rich extract from cultured plants with excellent biochemical and functional properties as an alternative to synthetic melatonin. Antioxidants 9: 158.
30. Kukula-Koch W, Szwajgier D, Gawel-Beben K, Strzepek-Gomolka M, Glowniak K and Meissner HO (2021) Is phytomelatonin complex better than synthetic melatonin? The assessment of the antiradical and anti-inflammatory properties. Molecules 26: 6087.
31. Burkhardt S, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Hardeland R and Reiter RJ (2001) Detection and quantification of the antioxidant melatonin in Montmorency and Balaton tart cherries (Prunus cerasus). J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 4898–4902.
32. Chen G, Huo Y, Tan DX, Liang Z, Zhang W, and Zhang Y (2003) Melatonin in Chinese medicinal herbs. Life Sci. 73: 19–26.
33. Murch SJ, Simmons CB and Saxena PK (1997) Melatonin in feverfew and other medicinal plants. Lancet 350: 1598–1599.
34. Murch SJ and Saxena PK (2006) A melatonin-rich germplasm line of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). J. Pineal Res. 41: 284–287.
35. Cano A, Hernández-Ruiz J and Arnao MB (2024) Role of exogenous melatonin in plant biotechnology: Physiological and applied aspects. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 43: 395-404.
Published
2024-12-16
How to Cite
[1]
Cano, A., Hernández-Ruiz, J. and Arnao, M. 2024. Current state of the natural melatonin: the phytomelatonin market. Melatonin Research. 7, 3 (Dec. 2024), 242-248. DOI:https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32794/mr112500179.
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